Confiscation of third-party goods in case of unintentional customs infringement: CJEU interpretation

Nobody likes to be penalised - whether you are an importer, a customs broker, or just a driver taking goods across the border. The penalty is a negative consequence for any person who has committed the offence. It is clear when a person deliberately does something illegal to benefit from it. But what about those who do not intend to break the law but do so inadvertently? Do the negative consequences only affect the person who directly committed the offence? This article seeks to answer these and other questions about the penalties for customs offences in the EU.