The evolving nature of European efforts to control third countries' support for Russia's military-industrial base

The use of sanctions and export controls as a strategic tool to ensure global security has gained prominence in the face of geopolitical shifts. Recent developments highlight the European Union’s (EU) efforts to tighten restrictions on dual-use goods and advanced technology items through its anti-circumvention legal tools. This was particularly in response to China's and other third countries' alleged support for Russia's military-industrial base. This article outlines the key focus areas in the EU's evolving export controls and other measures in light of the 15th sanctions package adopted in December 2024.