Three questions about customs value of goods in transactions between the related parties in Ukraine

The issue of customs valuation is extremely important for Ukraine. The author has written about it in previous issues of the journal. A special case of customs valuation is no exception - when the seller and the buyer are related parties. The concept of "related parties" in Ukrainian legislation is fully compatible with the GATT, as the Customs Code of Ukraine refers directly to Article 15 of the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement rather than defining this concept. It would seem that if there is nothing wrong with the legislation and if it is in line with accepted standards and principles, there should be no problems with its application. However, this is not the case.